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Iraq
Introduction
Geography
People
Government
Economy
Communications
Transportation
Military
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Background:
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Formerly part of the Ottoman Empire, Iraq was occupied by
Britain during the course of World War I; in 1920, it was
declared a League of Nations mandate under UK administration.
In stages over the next dozen years, Iraq attained its
independence as a kingdom in 1932. A "republic" was
proclaimed in 1958, but in actuality a series of military
strongmen ruled the country, the latest was SADDAM Husayn.
Territorial disputes with Iran led to an inconclusive and
costly eight-year war (1980-88). In August 1990, Iraq seized
Kuwait, but was expelled by US-led, UN coalition forces during
the Gulf War of January-February 1991. Following Kuwait's
liberation, the UN Security Council (UNSC) required Iraq to
scrap all weapons of mass destruction and long-range missiles
and to allow UN verification inspections. Continued Iraqi
noncompliance with UNSC resolutions over a period of 12 years
led to the US-led invasion of Iraq in March 2003 and the
ouster of the SADDAM Husayn regime. Coalition forces remain in
Iraq, helping to restore degraded infrastructure and
facilitating the establishment of a freely elected government,
while simultaneously dealing with a robust insurgency. The
Coalition Provisional Authority, which temporarily
administered Iraq after the invasion, transferred full
governmental authority on 28 June 2004, to the Iraqi Interim
Government (IG), which governed under the Transitional
Administrative Law for Iraq (TAL). Under the TAL, elections
for a 275-member Transitional National Assembly (TNA) were
held in Iraq on 30 January 2005. Following these elections,
the Iraqi Transitional Government (ITG) assumed office. The
TNA was charged with drafting Iraq's permanent constitution,
which was approved in a 15 October 2005 constitutional
referendum. An election under the constitution for a
275-member Council of Representatives (CoR) was held on 15
December 2005. After an official certified ballot count is
released, an Iraqi Government is expected to be formed by late
spring or early summer 2006.
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Location:
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Middle East, bordering the Persian Gulf, between Iran and
Kuwait |
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Geographic coordinates:
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33 00 N, 44 00 E |
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Area:
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total: 437,072 sq km
land: 432,162 sq km
water: 4,910 sq km |
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Area - comparative:
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slightly more than twice the size of Idaho |
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Land boundaries:
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total: 3,650 km
border countries: Iran 1,458 km, Jordan 181 km, Kuwait
240 km, Saudi Arabia 814 km, Syria 605 km, Turkey 352 km |
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Coastline:
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58 km |
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Maritime claims:
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territorial sea: 12 nm
continental shelf: not specified |
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Climate:
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mostly desert; mild to cool winters with dry, hot, cloudless
summers; northern mountainous regions along Iranian and
Turkish borders experience cold winters with occasionally
heavy snows that melt in early spring, sometimes causing
extensive flooding in central and southern Iraq |
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Terrain:
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mostly broad plains; reedy marshes along Iranian border in
south with large flooded areas; mountains along borders with
Iran and Turkey |
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Elevation extremes:
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lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 m
highest point: unnamed peak; 3,611 m; note - this peak
is not Gundah Zhur 3,607 m or Kuh-e Hajji-Ebrahim 3,595 m |
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Natural resources:
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petroleum, natural gas, phosphates, sulfur |
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Land use:
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arable land: 13.12%
permanent crops: 0.61%
other: 86.27% (2005) |
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Irrigated land:
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35,250 sq km (2003) |
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Natural hazards:
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dust storms, sandstorms, floods |
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Environment - current issues:
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government water control projects have drained most of the
inhabited marsh areas east of An Nasiriyah by drying up or
diverting the feeder streams and rivers; a once sizable
population of Marsh Arabs, who inhabited these areas for
thousands of years, has been displaced; furthermore, the
destruction of the natural habitat poses serious threats to
the area's wildlife populations; inadequate supplies of
potable water; development of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers
system contingent upon agreements with upstream riparian
Turkey; air and water pollution; soil degradation (salination)
and erosion; desertification |
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Environment - international agreements:
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party to: Law of the Sea
signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification |
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Geography - note:
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strategic location on Shatt al Arab waterway and at the head
of the Persian Gulf
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Population:
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26,783,383 (July 2006 est.) |
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Age structure:
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0-14 years: 39.7% (male 5,398,645/female 5,231,760)
15-64 years: 57.3% (male 7,776,257/female 7,576,726)
65 years and over: 3% (male 376,700/female 423,295)
(2006 est.) |
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Median age:
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total: 19.7 years
male: 19.6 years
female: 19.8 years (2006 est.) |
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Population growth rate:
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2.66% (2006 est.) |
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Birth rate:
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31.98 births/1,000 population (2006 est.) |
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Death rate:
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5.37 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.) |
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Net migration rate:
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0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2006 est.) |
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Sex ratio:
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at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.89 male(s)/female
total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2006 est.) |
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Infant mortality rate:
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total: 48.64 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 54.39 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 42.61 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.) |
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Life expectancy at birth:
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total population: 69.01 years
male: 67.76 years
female: 70.31 years (2006 est.) |
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Total fertility rate:
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4.18 children born/woman (2006 est.) |
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Nationality:
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noun: Iraqi(s)
adjective: Iraqi |
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Ethnic groups:
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Arab 75%-80%, Kurdish 15%-20%, Turkoman, Assyrian or other 5% |
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Religions:
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Muslim 97% (Shi'a 60%-65%, Sunni 32%-37%), Christian or other
3% |
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Languages:
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Arabic, Kurdish (official in Kurdish regions), Assyrian,
Armenian |
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Literacy:
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definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 40.4%
male: 55.9%
female: 24.4% (2003 est.)
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Country name:
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conventional long form: Republic of Iraq
conventional short form: Iraq
local long form: Al Jumhuriyah al Iraqiyah
local short form: Al Iraq |
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Government type:
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transitional democracy |
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Capital:
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Baghdad |
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Administrative divisions:
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18 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Al Anbar,
Al Basrah, Al Muthanna, Al Qadisiyah, An Najaf, Arbil, As
Sulaymaniyah, At Ta'mim, Babil, Baghdad, Dahuk, Dhi Qar,
Diyala, Karbala', Maysan, Ninawa, Salah ad Din, Wasit |
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Independence:
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3 October 1932 (from League of Nations mandate under British
administration); note - on 28 June 2004 the Coalition
Provisional Authority transferred sovereignty to the Iraqi
Interim Government |
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National holiday:
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Revolution Day, 17 July (1968); note - this holiday was
celebrated under the SADDAM Husayn regime but the Iraqi
Interim Government has yet to declare a new national holiday |
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Constitution:
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ratified on 15 October 2005 |
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Legal system:
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based on European civil and Islamic law under the framework
outlined in the Iraqi Constitution |
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Suffrage:
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formerly 18 years of age; universal |
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Executive branch:
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chief of state: Iraqi Transitional Government (ITG)
President Jalal TALABANI (since 6 April 2005); Deputy
Presidents Adil Abd AL-MAHDI and Ghazi al-Ujayl al-YAWR (since
6 April 2005); note - the President and Deputy Presidents
comprise the Presidency Council)
head of government: Iraqi Transitional Government (ITG)
Prime Minister Ibrahim al-JAFARI (since April 2005); Deputy
Prime Ministers Rowsch SHAWAYS, Ahmad CHALABI, and Abid al-Mutlaq
al-JABBURI (since May 2005)
cabinet: 32 ministers appointed by the Presidency
Council, plus Prime Minister Ibrahim al-JAFARI, Deputy Prime
Ministers Rowsch SHAWAYS, Ahmad CHALABI, and Abid al-Mutlaq
al-JABBURI
elections: held 15 December 2005 to elect a 275-member
Council of Representatives |
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Legislative branch:
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unicameral Council of Representatives or Mejlis Watani
(consisting of 275 members elected by a closed-list,
proportional-representation system)
elections: held 15 December 2005 to elect a 275-member
Council of Representatives that will finalize a permanent
constitution
election results: Council of Representatives - percent
of vote by party - NA; number of seats by party - NA |
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Judicial branch:
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Supreme Court appointed by the Prime Minister, confirmed by
the Presidency Council |
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Political parties and leaders:
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Al-Sadr Movement [Muqtada Al-SADR]; Assyrian Democratic
Movement [Yunadim KANNA]; Conference of Iraqi People [Adnan
al-DULAYMI]; Constitutional Monarchy Movement or CMM [Sharif
Ali Bin al-HUSAYN]; Da'wa Party [Ibrahim al-JA'FARI];
Independent Iraqi Alliance or IIA [Falah al-NAQIB]; Iraqi
Communist Party [Hamid al-MUSA]; Iraqi Hizballah [Karim Mahud
al-MUHAMMADAWI]; Iraqi Independent Democrats or IID [Adnan
PACHACHI, Mahdi al-HAFIZ]; Iraqi Islamic Party or IIP [Muhsin
Abd al-HAMID, Hajim al-HASSANI]; Iraqi National Accord or INA
[Ayad ALLAWI]; Iraqi National Congress or INC [Ahmad CHALABI];
Iraqi National Council for Dialogue or INCD [Khalaf Ulayan al-Khalifawi
al-DULAYMI]; Iraqi National Unity Movement or
INUM [Ahmad al-KUBAYSI, chairman]; Islamic Action Organization
or IAO [Ayatollah Muhammad al-MUDARRISI]; Jama'at al Fadilah
or JAF [Ayatollah Muhammad Ali al-YAQUBI]; Kurdistan
Democratic Party or KDP [Masud BARZANI]; Muslim Ulama Council
or MUC [Harith Sulayman al-DARI, secretary general]; National
Iraqi Front [Salih al-MUTLAQ]; National Reconciliation and
Liberation Party [Mishan al-JABBURI]; Patriotic Union of
Kurdistan or PUK [Jalal TALABANI]; Supreme Council for the
Islamic Revolution in Iraq or SCIRI [Abd al-Aziz al-HAKIM]
note: the Kurdistan Alliance, Iraqi National List,
Iraqi Consensus Front, Iraqi Front for National Dialogue, and
United Iraqi Alliance were only electoral slates consisting of
the representatives from the various Iraqi political parties |
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Political pressure groups and leaders:
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an insurgency against the Iraqi Transitional Government and
Coalition forces is primarily concentrated in Baghdad and in
areas west and north of the capital; the diverse, multigroup
insurgency is led principally by Sunni Arabs whose only common
denominator is a shared desire to oust the Coalition and end
US influence in Iraq |
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International organization participation:
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ABEDA, AFESD, AMF, CAEU, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM,
IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ISO,
ITU, LAS, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO (observer) |
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Flag description:
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three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black
with three green five-pointed stars in a horizontal line
centered in the white band; the phrase ALLAHU AKBAR (God is
Great) in green Arabic script - Allahu to the right of the
middle star and Akbar to the left of the middle star - was
added in January 1991 during the Persian Gulf crisis; similar
to the flag of Syria, which has two stars but no script,
Yemen, which has a plain white band, and that of Egypt which
has a gold Eagle of Saladin centered in the white band; design
is based upon the Arab Liberation colors
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Economy - overview:
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Iraq's economy is dominated by the oil sector, which has
traditionally provided about 95% of foreign exchange earnings.
Iraq's seizure of Kuwait in August 1990, subsequent
international economic sanctions, and damage from military
action by an international coalition beginning in January 1991
drastically reduced economic activity. Although government
policies supporting large military and internal security
forces and allocating resources to key supporters of the
regime hurt the economy, implementation of the UN's
oil-for-food program, which began in December 1996, helped
improve conditions for the average Iraqi citizen. Iraq was
allowed to export limited amounts of oil in exchange for food,
medicine, and some infrastructure spare parts. In December
1999, the UN Security Council authorized Iraq to export under
the program as much oil as required to meet humanitarian
needs. Per capita food imports increased significantly, while
medical supplies and health care services steadily improved.
Per capita output and living standards were still well below
the pre-1991 level, but any estimates have a wide range of
error. The military victory of the US-led coalition in
March-April 2003 resulted in the shutdown of much of the
central economic administrative structure. Although a
comparatively small amount of capital plant was damaged during
the hostilities, looting, insurgent attacks, and sabotage have
undermined efforts to rebuild the economy. Attacks on key
economic facilities - especially oil pipelines and
infrastructure - have prevented Iraq from reaching projected
export volumes, but total government revenues have been higher
than anticipated due to high oil prices. Despite political
uncertainty, Iraq has established the institutions needed to
implement economic policy, has successfully concluded a
three-stage debt reduction agreement with the Paris Club, and
is working toward a Standby Arrangement with the IMF. The
Standby Arrangement would clear the way for continued debt
relief from the Paris Club. |
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GDP (purchasing power parity):
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$94.1 billion (2005 est.) |
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GDP (official exchange rate):
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$46.5 billion (2005 est.) |
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GDP - real growth rate:
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-3% (2005 est.) |
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GDP - per capita (PPP):
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$3,400 (2005 est.) |
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GDP - composition by sector:
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agriculture: 7.3%
industry: 66.6%
services: 26.1% (2004 est.) |
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Labor force:
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7.4 million (2004 est.) |
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Labor force - by occupation:
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agriculture NA%, industry NA%, services NA% |
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Unemployment rate:
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25% to 30% (2005 est.) |
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Population below poverty line:
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NA% |
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Household income or consumption by percentage share:
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lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA% |
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Inflation rate (consumer prices):
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40% (2005 est.) |
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Budget:
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revenues: $19.3 billion
expenditures: $24 billion; including capital
expenditures of $5 billion (2005 budget) |
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Agriculture - products:
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wheat, barley, rice, vegetables, dates, cotton; cattle, sheep,
poultry |
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Industries:
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petroleum, chemicals, textiles, leather, construction
materials, food processing, fertilizer, metal
fabrication/processing |
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Industrial production growth rate:
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NA% |
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Electricity - production:
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31.7 billion kWh (2005) |
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Electricity - consumption:
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33.3 billion kWh (2005) |
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Electricity - exports:
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0 kWh (2005) |
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Electricity - imports:
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2.02 billion kWh (2005) |
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Oil - production:
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2.093 million bbl/day; note - prewar production (in 2002) was
2.03 million bbl/day (2005 est.) |
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Oil - consumption:
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351,500 bbl/day (2005 est.) |
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Oil - exports:
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1.42 million bbl/day (2005 est.) |
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Oil - imports:
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NA bbl/day |
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Oil - proved reserves:
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112.5 billion bbl (2005 est.) |
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Natural gas - production:
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1.5 billion cu m (2003 est.) |
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Natural gas - consumption:
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1.5 billion cu m (2003 est.) |
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Natural gas - exports:
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0 cu m (2004 est.) |
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Natural gas - imports:
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0 cu m (2004 est.) |
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Natural gas - proved reserves:
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3.115 trillion cu m (2005) |
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Current account balance:
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-$9.447 billion (2004 est.) |
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Exports:
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$17.78 billion f.o.b. (2004) |
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Exports - commodities:
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crude oil (83.9%), crude materials excluding fuels (8.0%),
food and live animals (5.0%) |
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Exports - partners:
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US 51.9%, Spain 7.3%, Japan 6.6%, Italy 5.7%, Canada 5.2%
(2004) |
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Imports:
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$19.57 billion f.o.b. (2004) |
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Imports - commodities:
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food, medicine, manufactures |
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Imports - partners:
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Syria 22.9%, Turkey 19.5%, US 9.2%, Jordan 6.7%, Germany 4.9%
(2004) |
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Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
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$8.4 billion (2005 est.) |
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Debt - external:
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$82.1 billion (2005 est.) |
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Economic aid - recipient:
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more than $33 billion in foreign aid pledged for 2004-07
(2004) |
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Currency (code):
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New Iraqi dinar (NID) as of 22 January 2004 |
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Exchange rates:
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New Iraqi dinars per US dollar - 1,475 (2005), 1,890 (second
half, 2003), 0.3109 (2001) |
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Fiscal year:
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calendar year
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Telephones - main lines in use:
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1,034,200 (2004) |
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Telephones - mobile cellular:
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574,000 (2004) |
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Telephone system:
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general assessment: the 2003 war severely disrupted
telecommunications throughout Iraq including international
connections; USAID is overseeing the repair of switching
capability and the construction of mobile and satellite
communication facilities
domestic: repairs to switches and lines destroyed
during the 2003 war continue, but sabotage remains a problem;
additional switching capacity is improving access; cellular
service is available and centered on three regional GSM
networks, improving country-wide connectivity
international: country code - 964; satellite earth
stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), 1
Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region), and 1 Arabsat
(inoperative); coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to
Jordan, Kuwait, Syria, and Turkey; desite a new satellite
gateway, international calls outside of Baghdad remain
problematic |
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Radio broadcast stations:
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after 17 months of unregulated media growth, there are
approximately 80 radio stations on the air inside Iraq (2004) |
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Television broadcast stations:
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21 (2004) |
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Internet country code:
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.iq |
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Internet hosts:
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4 (2005) |
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Internet users:
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36,000 (2005)
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Airports:
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111 (2005) |
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Airports - with paved runways:
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total: 78
over 3,047 m: 20
2,438 to 3,047 m: 37
1,524 to 2,437 m: 5
914 to 1,523 m: 7
under 914 m: 9 (2005) |
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Airports - with unpaved runways:
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total: 33
over 3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 4
1,524 to 2,437 m: 5
914 to 1,523 m: 12
under 914 m: 10 (2005) |
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Heliports:
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8 (2005) |
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Pipelines:
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gas 1,739 km; oil 5,418 km; refined products 1,343 km (2004) |
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Railways:
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total: 2,200 km
standard gauge: 2,200 km 1.435-m gauge (2004) |
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Roadways:
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total: 45,550 km
paved: 38,399 km
unpaved: 7,151 km (1999) |
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Waterways:
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5,279 km
note: Euphrates River (2,815 km), Tigris River (1,899
km), and Third River (565 km) are principal waterways (2004) |
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Merchant marine:
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total: 13 ships (1000 GRT or over) 67,796 GRT/101,317
DWT
by type: cargo 11, petroleum tanker 2 (2005) |
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Ports and terminals:
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Al Basrah, Khawr az Zubayr, Umm Qasr
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Military branches:
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Iraqi Armed Forces: Iraqi Regular Army (includes Iraqi Special
Operations Force, Iraqi Intervention Force), Iraqi Navy
(former Iraqi Coastal Defense Force), Iraqi Air Force (former
Iraqi Army Air Corps) (2005) |
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Military service age and obligation:
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18 years of age; the Iraqi Interim Government is creating a
new professional Iraqi military force of men aged 18 to 40 to
defend Iraq from external threats and the current insurgency
(2004) |
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Manpower available for military service:
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males age 18-49: 5,870,640
females age 18-49: 5,642,073 (2005 est.) |
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Manpower fit for military service:
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males age 18-49: 4,930,074
females age 18-49: 4,771,105 (2005 est.) |
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Manpower reaching military service age annually:
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males age 18-49: 198,518
females age 18-49: 289,879 (2005 est.) |
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Military expenditures - dollar figure:
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$1.34 billion (2005 est.) |
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Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
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NA
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